Principles for Food Preservation in 2023

Growing your own food is an excellent start to self-sufficiency, however, once you master the main principles for food preservation while maximizing nutritional value… you’ll be unstoppable!

There’s nothing more fulfilling than enjoying your homegrown veggies on a -20 degree day in January. It’s also incredibly comforting in today’s world of food insecurity.

In this article we’ll talk about:

The history of food preservation (the way our ancestors did it!)
Why you want to preserve your harvest
The main principles for food preservation
Common methods of home preservation & supplies needed

As a dietitian, I am ultimately concerned about maintaining the nutritional value of my harvest, so this article will include my unique perspective on nutritional value while preserving!

Grab your notepad and let’s get started!

What is Food Preservation?

Food preservation is the process of treating a food product in order to slow or eliminate bacterial growth, while maintaining quality as much as possible. There are several principles for achieving food preservation, which we’ll cover shortly! The resulting food is now safe for long-term storage, allowing for abundance during the winter months.

Advantages of Food Preservation

Preserving your harvest is an additional task to add to your to-do list, but it’s so worth the extra time and effort! There are several advantages to food preservation:

Extend the storage time of your harvest

There’s nothing more empowering than seeing your harvest defeat the odds and continue to nourish your body longer than it was originally supposed to (with a little help!). This was an essential skill that humans have been perfecting since the beginning of time.

Allow for year-round availability of locally produced food

I talk a lot about the importance of eating locally and this is the absolute best way to do it! Instead of buying produce in the winter that was grown and shipped thousands of miles from Mexico, now you can enjoy something that was grown in your backyard. The true definition of eating local!

Decreases food waste

Maybe you’re like me and you grew wayyyy more produce than you could ever eat in one sitting. #plantmath is a real thing! Instead of letting the extra produce go to waste, preserve it so that you can eat it later!

History of Food Preservation

Food preservation has been an essential survival skill throughout history. This practice of basic food preservation principles allowed humans to develop roots in one place, rather than constantly moving in search of fresh food.

Dehydrating

Dehydrating (using the sun and wind) is the earliest known method, which was later modified to “still houses” (building fires inside a room) in the Middle Ages. A similar common process is smoking, which works by depositing phenols (particles in the smoke) directly into the meat. Later, curing was discovered by adding salt to dried meat, which helped to preserve its color.

Freezing

Freezing is another common one for those who lived in cold climates. Many hunter and gatherer communities would bury their food under snow and ice to keep it from spoiling. Some cultures would even construct “ice houses” to store food long-term.

Fermentation

Lastly, fermentation is the third ancient method of food preservation and it was likely discovered, rather than invented! Someone probably left some veggies out, it rained, and voila! Fermented veggies a few days later.

3 Principles for Food Preservation

Now that we have a good understanding of why food preservation is important and its history, let’s chat about what we are trying to achieve when going about the process. All 3 food preservation principles are important when considering which method you want to use.

Reduce or remove microorganisms

This is one of the most important principles when it comes to food preservation. You certainly don’t want to end up with food poisoning! This involves creating an environment that bacteria cannot thrive in by removing air or moisture, increasing or decreasing temperature, or adding salt, sugar or acid.

Prevent food decomposition

All produce naturally has enzymes present, which will continue to ripen the produce overtime resulting in loss of color, flavor and texture. Inactivating these enzymes will ensure that your harvest maintains its peak quality.

Minimize nutrient loss

As a dietitian, this is something that I’m always paying attention to. There’s no point in preserving something if it ends up having poor nutritional value by the end. Nothing compares to fresh eats out of the garden, but we want a product that’s as close to fresh as possible!

Alright, now that we’ve mastered the basic principles for food preservation, let’s chat about the actual methods that you can do at home!

Home Preservation Methods and Their Nutritional Value

Many of these methods are the same ones that our ancestors used! However, we have a few modern ones to add to the list. Some of these methods are nearly free, while others require some equipment and cost up front.

As a dietitian, I highly value the nutritional content of my preserved harvest. Therefore, I’ve dug into the research to figure out the truth behind each preservation method and created this table just for you! I actually learned quite a bit through this project, so this was a fun one to do!

Canning

Canning is the most common form of food preservation today. It’s a fairly simple process that allows for food storage at room temperature; a major plus!

The main food preservation principle that it utilizes is heat to kill off any existing bacteria and enzymes, plus the vacuum seal lid keeps any bacteria or rodents from coming in.

This is a great option if you don’t have the space for a large deep freeze, engage in off-grid living or have frequent power outages and need a more reliable way to store food. Plus, who doesn’t love to show off a pretty shelf loaded with colorful eats!

The downside of canning is that it utilizes high heat (212 degrees in water-bath canning & 240 degrees in pressure-canning), which not only kills off bacteria, but 25-30% of the vitamins and minerals are lost as well. A few vitamins are hit hard by heat such as folate (70% loss), thiamine (55% loss) and vitamin C (50% loss), according to Nutrition Data.

A major positive is that once canned, the nutrient loss after that is minimal (unlike other forms of storage like freezing or root cellar storage). Another thing that I LOVE about canned food is that it’s basically old-fashioned “fast food!” You just grab a can, heat it and you’re ready to go. It makes eating healthy a breeze on busy days.

Nutrition Tips:

Tip#1: Don’t drain out the liquid when you open the can. During cooking, the vitamins and minerals leach out into the water, so if you toss out the water, you toss them out, too. Nutrient losses increase an additional 10-25% when you throw this out.

Tip #2: Utilize water-bath canning whenever possible as it utilizes lower heat, and thus, less nutrient loss. Low acid foods like carrots or green beans need to be processed via pressure, unless there is acid added to it. I like to make pickled carrots and dilly beans; not only are they DELICIOUS, but they can be processed via water-bath canning due to the added acid.

Tip #3: I know you want to show off your beautiful canned goods, however, many vitamins are sensitive to UV light. Make sure to store your jars in a dark, cool location.

If you decide to try canning, I highly recommend these resources to guide you (they are the same exact ones that I used to learn!):

How to Use a Pressure Canner by The Prairie Homestead
Ball Complete Book of Home Preserving on Amazon
Check out My Favorite Things page for links to my favorite canning and homesteading supplies
- The 8-piece Water Bath Canning Kit is an excellent place to start!
- The All American Pressure Canner is the one I use and love. It’s built to last a lifetime.

Freezing

Freezing is often associated with preserved nutritional value (only 0-10% loss according to Nutrition Data), however, that only holds true if blanching isn’t used first. It also doesn’t account for cooking the vegetables after they are thawed, either.

Blanching is the process of gently boiling vegetables for a set amount of time to inactivate the enzymes present, but this also destroys some vitamins (just like in canning). If blanching is skipped, then the remaining enzymes can create loss of flavor, color and texture over time.

Below is a research study done to evaluate the rapid loss of vitamin C during blanching. You can see how fast it happens! Most vegetables call for blanching times of several minutes, which is even longer than the times shown below.

Freezing used to be a favorite of mine, but then I got tired of the mess of blanching and also needing to wait for it to thaw before I could use it in a meal. Lastly, I don’t feel good about freezing my produce in plastic vacuum seal bags. I’m gravitating more and more to canning in glass jars anytime that I can.

One thing that I do prefer frozen is kale. I don’t blanch it. I just chop it up and keep it loose in a gallon ziplock bag for easy grabbing when making smoothies. Again, it won’t last super long, but I love having this option!

Nutrition Tip:

To maximize nutritional value while freezing, I’d choose to skip blanching with the understanding that I’ll need to use it up sooner than other forms of food preservation. I haven’t found any guidelines on this, but 3 months seems appropriate.

Supplies:

Deep Freeze (optional if you have a small harvest)
Vacuum sealer (best option) or freezer ziplock bags
- I use the VacMaster PRO360 and it does a great job!
Blanching supplies – if you choose to blanch
- Large pot (I use my water-bath canner from my canning kit): 8-piece Water Bath Canning Kit
- Strainer
- Ice bath (sink full of ice)

Root Cellar

This is an excellent option if you have a root cellar, a cool garage or a NE corner of an unfinished basement. The ideal environment for a root cellar is 32-40 degrees with a humidity level of 85-95%. Think of it as a big refrigerator!

The 2 principles behind this food preservation method is that the cool temperature slows the growth of microorganisms, while the high humidity prevents moisture loss (no wilty veggies!). If you don’t have these exact conditions, still give it a try! Just know that your produce may not last quite as long.

This year I moved my root veggies from our basement (60-65 degrees) to our heated garage (45 degrees) and it’s amazing the difference!

This method is the easiest of them all. There’s no processing involved. You’re not even supposed to wash your veggies before they go in! All you need to do is set up some shelving, but keep in mind that not all produce will hold up well in this type of storage.

What can I store in a root cellar?

Apples – a homesteader’s favorite!
Potatoes
Onions
Leeks
Garlic
Carrots
Winter squash
Pumpkins
Cabbage
Beets

Interested in building a root cellar?

Check out this Root Cellars 101 article by Common Sense Home. And this Survival Freedom article gives you specifics on how to store each type of vegetable.

Nutrition Tips:

Tip #1: Produce starts to lose its nutritional value the moment it is picked, so keep in mind that while your produce may not be spoiling, it is slowly losing vitamins and minerals. Stored potatoes start to lose vitamin C after 2 months.

Tip #2: Because of this, my game plan is to use up my root storage first before I move on to my canned goods (which retains its nutritional value for up to a year).

Supplies:

Shelving for big items (winter squash and pumpkins) – I use an old bookshelf!
Baskets (potatoes) – I use these small laundry baskets. They are a great deal, but kinda flimsy. However, I’ve been using them for years and they are still holding up! If you only need one basket, I’d get this one.
Boxes filled with sand or peat moss (for carrots, beets, etc.) – read more about the process in this article by West Coast Seeds.
Hooks for hanging onions & garlic – I like to braid my onions for easy hanging!

Dehydrating

This is one of the most ancient methods of food preservation and you can make it as simple or complicated as you’d like.

In its simplest form, just lay out your food in the hot sun (ideally on a screen) with a breeze and let nature do the work. However, this is an unpredictable method, subject to nibbling from wild creatures or pets, and you’ll need to bring it in before the dew settles.

My favorite way to dry herbs, produce and meat is by using a food dehydrator. That way it can run 24/7 and you have control over the temperature. For example, herbs need a low, gentle temperature, where meats should be held at a high temperature for safety.

Dehydrating doesn’t affect mineral content at all, however most vitamin loss is around 50% with losses of up to 80% for vitamin C. Another thing to keep in mind is that blanching vegetables is often recommended before dehydrating (just like for freezing), so you’ll have additional nutrient loss to account for.

Nutrition Tip:

If you want to dehydrate something, your best option is to use fruit and/or herbs. Fruit naturally retains more flavor and vitamins due to their natural acidity, plus they don’t require blanching. Herbs utilize a very low temperature and don’t require blanching either.

Supplies:

I use the Excalibur Food Dehydrator and it hasn’t failed me yet! I like that it has large trays so that I can fit a lot of medicinal herbs in there when I go foraging around our property 🙂

Fermenting

As a dietitian who specializes in gut health, I LOVE this method! Not only is it super easy and requires minimal equipment (just a jar and some salt!), but it’s teaming with those lovely probiotics that promote gut health.

How it works is you pour a salt-water brine (1.5 Tbsp salt per 2 cups of water) over raw vegetables, which encourages naturally-occurring lactobacillus to grow in this anaerobic (no oxygen) environment. The lactobacillus feeds on the starches in the food to create lactic acid, which is a natural preservative. Once fermentation is complete (usually 4-7 days), it is recommended to place the jar in the fridge to slow it down.

This is the only type of food preservation that actually increases the nutritional value! Yes! Lactic acid bacteria actually have the ability to synthesize b-vitamins. Plus, you are able to absorb the existing vitamins and minerals better than if you ate the produce raw because the tough cellular walls of the vegetables are broken down. Lastly, there’s those lovely probiotics.

Fermentation is such a nutritional powerhouse and a lost art in today’s culture. Let’s reverse this!

The one negative about this type of food preservation is that it needs to be stored in the fridge. If you are choosing to preserve much of your harvest this way, that can take up a lot of fridge space!

Nutrition Tip:

Tip #1: Make sure that your fermented veggies stay submerged at least ½” below the water line, otherwise they will mold. I made this mistake my first year and was so sad to have to throw out several jars.

Tip #2: The health benefits from probiotics is more about consistency, than quantity. The ideal dose is 1-2 Tbsp, several times a day.

Supplies

6-pack of Glass weights to ensure that the veggies remain below water level to avoid mold growth (optional, but highly encouraged).
Here’s a 9-pack if you really want to go for it! (this is the one I have)
You can use a standard mason jar lid, however you’ll need to “burp” it regularly and it will corrode over time. These Fermentation Lids make fermenting a breeze!
Here is a great recipe by The Kitchn for fermented vegetables.
Lastly, this Fermented Vegetables cookbook is on my wishlist! YUMMM!

Freeze Drying

This is a method that I haven’t personally used yet, but I’d love to in the future! Freeze drying (also known as lyophilization) is the process of freezing, then creating a vacuum to directly change the ice to vapor. By the end, 99.7% of the water is removed resulting in a food product that will last at least 10 years!

This process doesn’t include killing any microorganisms, however, they remain dormant due to the low temps followed by minimal moisture levels.

If you are into backpacking, this is certainly an appealing option. Ryan and I love ultralight backpacking and are always looking for ways to reduce weight. Having a freeze dryer would certainly help with that!

Nutrition Tip:

Freeze drying retains more vitamins compared to standard dehydrating, but there are still some losses, especially if you blanch beforehand. Also, keep in mind that in the process of rehydrating and reheating, more nutrient loss will occur.

Supplies:

I have not personally used a freeze drier before, so I don’t feel comfortable recommending one until I have. Be warned, however, they are expensive! Small home units range between $2,000-$10,000.
This is a great article by A Modern Homestead about freeze drying if you want to learn more. She has a review on what model she loves to use.

Final Thoughts

While most types of food processing does reduce the nutritional value of your harvest to some degree, you are still WAY ahead of what’s available “fresh” at the grocery store. Produce at the grocery store is OLD…. like super old.

How old is it?

Apples: 9-12 months
Potatoes 11 months
Lettuce/spinach: 2 weeks
Tomatoes: 6 weeks
Carrots: 9 months

Shocking right?! Not only is your homegrown produce better quality to begin with, but you can process it within hours of being picked (at its peak nutritional value). Green beans lose 77% of their vitamin C after being stored for 7 days!

Then, there’s the added benefit of self-sufficiency that can’t be left unsaid. There’s something incredibly comforting about having a shelf-full of food ready and waiting for whatever is ahead.

The bottom line:

Don’t sweat it. Your processed and canned tomatoes probably still have way more nutritional value than “fresh” ones at the grocery store. Don’t short your processing times in hopes of retaining more nutrients; canning recipes are tested for food safety and should be followed. Pick a method that feels right to you and enjoy the process. Definitely give fermentation a go!

I think the best strategy is to utilize a mixture of methods and be mindful of when you are using up each one during the winter. Use your root cellar storage and frozen produce first, followed by your fermented and canned produce, and then your dehydrated or freeze dried food last.